Tuesday 24 March 2015

Diseases: Causes and Remedies

Diseases: Causes and Remedies


My Findings 1. I shall now describe the primary causes of diseases and remedial measures as given in this work
NOTES
According to ancient Hindu conceptions certain types of diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, etc,, are Karma Vyadhis being the consequences of certain prohibited acts which the native must have done in his past life. The Western medical men try to find for every disease causes within the body, and they are treated by medicines, surgery, etc., The majority of Hindus however still believe in the ancient theory of our suffering, physical, mental, etc., in this life, being the consequence of certain acts done in our previous life or lives. Karma Vipaka is an ancient work listing the various diseases, how they arise and what remedial measures, which mainly consist of japa, homa, dana, etc., should be adopted. Western medical science has not said and cannot say the last word on ill-health and its healing. We have to consider what the sages say with respect and faith.
Rajayakshma (Consumption)
My Findings 2. The reason for the terrible disease consumption is that in the previous birth, the native might have caused violence to Brahmins, hated the preceptors and elders or might have indulged in sexual enjoyment at the times of eclipses. The remedies are chanting the Sahasra Nama, Rudra Sukta, Aindragni and Suktas accompanied by Havana; and giving clothes as gifts.
Karsya (Emaciation)
My Findings 3. According to smritis stealing food is the main cause for karsya or emaciation. As a remedial measure, an image of Siva should be gifted.
Kushta Roga (Leprosy)
My Findings 4. The primary cause of leprosy can be found in murdering Brahmins, enjoying the wife of the preceptor, engaging in illicit sale of medicines or attempting to poison a trusted person. The remedial measures are: chanting rudra sukta, ayusukta and gifting the images of the Sun and the bull made of gold to venerable Brahmins and performing kushmanda homa.
Swetakushta (White leprosy)
My Findings 5. Besides the causes specified in the previous stanza, misappropriation of large quantities of cotton rolls, clothes and bronze vessels will also lead to one suffering from white leprosy.
Remedial measures are also the same as given in My Findings4.
Visarpa (Serpis)
My Findings 6. Killing serpents or having them killed by others is the cause for one suffering from Visarpa. The remedy is nagadana or gifting the image of a serpent as specified in the smritis.
Pandu Roga (Leucoderma)
My Findings 7. Stealing the wealth of the Deities and Brahmins and eating forbidden foods give rise to leucoderma. Performance of kushmanda homa and gifting of gold are the palliatives.
Atisara (Dysentery)
My Findings 8. Destroying tanks and wells is the cause for Atisara. The remedy as per sages is the recitation of Rudrasukta and Varunasukta.
Grahani (Face Disease)
My Findings 9. Tearing away the lips, breaking the teeth and cutting away the tongues of others; talking ill and disparagingly of elderly persons; uttering falsehood and becoming a false witness are the causes for disease in the face. The remedies are Kushmanda homa, Gayatri Japa and giving in charity a gold figure of the elephant, grains and medicines.
Arsa Roga (Piles)
My Findings  10. The causes of piles are misappropriating of the wealth of the learned and the blind; stealing food, having sex relations on prohibited days and killing cows. The remedy is the gifting of the figure of a cow made of gold.
Netra Roga (Eye Disease)
My Findings 11. Eye diseases are the consequence of ingratitude, casting wily glances at other women and injuring others' eyes. The remedies are giving payasa prepared with milk or dhal, gold, ghee and gifting the figure of Garuda and performance of Homas and chanting Netra-raksha sukta or Netraraksha mantra with devotion.
Nakandhya (Partial Blindness)
My Findings 12. The disease of nakandhya is due to the injuring or blinding of cow's eyes. The remedies are, giving in charity the image of Gopala.
Kama Roga (Ear Disease)
My Findings 13. Back-biting, tearing away others' ears and obstructing others' actions are said to be the causes of Karnaroga. Giving in charity land, gold, grains and woollen goods and chanting Surya Mantra are the palliatives.
Jihwa Roga (Lingual Disease)
My Findings 14. The causes for lingual disease are scolding preceptors and elderly persons, uttering falsehood, causing grief to others, tearing away others' tongues. Gifting grains, medicines, performing kushmanda homa and chanting Rahu mantra or other Suktas are the remedies.
Vatha Roga (Rheumatism)
My Findings 15. Criticizing pious and respectable people, hating parents and preceptors and stealing food are the causes for rheumatism. The remedial measures are giving in charity the image of a deer made of copper along with clothes and wholesome food and reciting or chanting Vayu Sukta and other Vayu Mantras.
Soola (Colic Trouble)
My Findings 16. Having relations with virgins, animals, widows and maid-servants; consuming prohibited food, abandoning the performance of essential rituals, indulging in back-biting, killing a person by poison or sharp weapon are the root causes for colic troubles. The remedies are thila dana and padma dana and gifting away a trident made of silver or gold.
Gulma (Spleen Disease)
My Findings 17. Deep-seated enmity towards and ill-treatment of the preceptor, envy and misuse of another's food are the main causes for the disease Gulma. The remedies are Homa with Aindragni-sukta, chanting of Rudrasukta and Vayusukta, chanting of Gayatri Mantra and gifting of the image of Ganapati.
Prameha
My Findings 18. Sexual relations with animals, unmarried virgins, wives of preceptors and widows, hatred of teachers, stealing of food from Brahmins and causing grief to others are the causes of Prameha. Besides these, illicit relations with mother, mother-in-law and brother's wife cause madhu meha or diabetes.
My Findings 19. Homas and gifting of gold, cow, water and food and chanting of varuna mantra relieve one of diabetes.
Mahodara (Dropsy)
My Findings 20. The cause of this disease is sex relations with the wife of the preceptor and causing of abortions. The remedies are chanting Rudra sukta and Varunasukta and giving in charity the image of a crocodile and water.
Mootra Krucha (Urinary Disease)
My Findings 21. Physical intimacy with unmarried virgins, animals and widows and ill-treating Brahmins are the main causes for urinary diseases. The remedies are gifting gingelly seeds and lotus flowers. Performing 'Homas' with insufficient fire leads to Agnimandya. The palliative is the chanting of Agnimantra.
Bhagandara (Fistula)
My Findings 22. Disregarding the advice of elders and preceptors and sex-relations with the wife of the preceptor cause Bhagandara- The remedies are giving jewels, silver, gold and image of an elephant made of gold and chanting Gayatri mantra, Aditya-sukta and Rudrasukta.
Vidhradhi
My Findings  23. Stealing fruits is the cause of Vidhradhi roga. The remedies are performing amradana asper the injunctions of Smritis.
Kantha Roga (Throat Disease)
My Findings 24. Stealing public prosperty results in one suffering from throat disease. Grahasanti and gifting ratnas are the remedies.
Siro Roga (Headache)
My Findings 25. The cause of disease of the head is hatred towards Brahmins. The remedies are repentence and gifting of the sacred thread.
Asrugadhara
My Findings 26. This disease is caused by destroying Aswatha and other sacred trees and injuring cows. The remedy consists of gifting a red cow.
Apasmara (Epilepsy)
My Findings 27. The cause of Apasmara is the killing of preceptors and masters. Japa, Dana and other measures recommended in Smritis of the sages are the remedies.
Mookathwa and Unmada (Dumbness and Insanity)
My Findings 28. Ridiculing elderly persons, always engrossed in pleasures and casting eyes on others' wives and breaking of promises lead to dumbness, lunacy etc. The remedies suggested are gifting of an elephant image.
Fevers
My Findings 29. Fevers arising from cold and heat and recurring fevers are caused by intimidating others with the help of a dog. Remedies are the performance of Abhisheka for Vishnu and Siva and chanting of Panchadurgamantra and Rudrasukta.
NOTES
For fevers arising from cold and heat Abhisheka of Siva and Vishnu are said to be more appropriate. For intermittent fevers remedies other than the two mentioned here are recommended.
Daha (Thirst)
My Findings 30. Daha or extreme thirst arises because of sins such as intimacy with the preceptor's wife. The remedy is giving water to the thirsty.
Vrana Roga (Ulcers)
My Findings 31. Stealing vegetables, obstructing others' speeches, maltreating others and immoral relationship with undesirable women and destroying trees lead to ulcers. The remedy is gifting Ratna or pearls or precious ring.
Ulcers in the hands and the legs
My Findings 32. Ulcers in the hands and legs are respectively due to causing abortion and having immoral relationship with the preceptor's wife. Giving Ratna as a gift to Brahmins is the remedy.
Childlessness
My Findings 33. The causes for one getting no issues are: killing children, eating eggs, hating preceptors and others' children, killing animals, causing dissensions between mother and child, killing young pet animals and not performing the annual sraddha ceremony. The remedy is gifting a cow's image made of gold.
Aruchi and Chardhi
My Findings 34. Giving in charity anything without due regard and devotion will lead to a disease known as "Aruchi". Betraying a person who trusts the native will lead to a disease known as Chardhi. Let learned men suggest suitable remedies for these two.
Mookatwa (Dumbness)
My Findings 35. Plagiarism leads to the disease of muteness. The remedy is gifting the image of Goddess Saraswati.
Kamila (Blindness)
My Findings36. The cause of the disease 'Kamila' (blindness) is taking food without washing one's feet and cleaning the hands. Gifting the image of Garuda is the remedy.
Anthra Vriddhi (Intestinal Trouble)
My Findings 37. Obstructing the performance of Yagna results in this disease. Gifting the image of Vishnu is the appropriate remedy.
My Findings 38. For the disease Gulma iron vessels should be gifted; for leprosy, silver coins and images; for Vatha roga (rheumatism) cow's milk; for eye diseases, gold coins immersed in cow's ghee; for pains in the body — beds, pillows and cots; for diseases in the stomach — fertile plots of ground.
My Findings 39. For Arsas (piles) and Bhagandhara (fistula), gold and diamonds should be gifted and Rudrasukta chanted. For all diseases, besides the special ones recommended in their proper places, Sahasranama, Satarudreeya and Rudrasukta should be chanted.
My Findings 40. Kings and rich people should establish free hospitals. Ordinary people should at least give food and medicines to the sick. Then their sicknesses will disappear.
My Findings 41. The 'gift of health' is the most important of all the gifts. If anybody wants to be free from diseases and be healthy he should help the sick with food and medicines.



Thursday 12 March 2015

TIMING Of DEATH

·         The question of death should be examined from the birth and horary charts. In order to ascertain the nature of death, its cause and the time of its occurrence, the yogas, the nature of Dasas and the nature and positions of Saturn, Jupiter, the Sun arid the Moon should all be first studied.
·       Death takes place at the end of the period indicated by Yogayus. Sometimes the age as contributed by Dasas goes counter to the age given by yogas. This   should be carefully understood.
·    In the absence of any yogas in the horoscope indicating age, we have to be guided by the Dashas and determine the period of death.
Special
      From this we see that 'Dasayus' is very important. But 'Yogayus' is no less \aluable. Certain yogas as Sadhyorishta, Arishta. etc., are not said to be controlled by Dasas. Certain yogas as Rishta-Yogas, Madhyayus or Deer-ghayur yogas are to be checked by the age contributed by Dasas and Bhuktis. If Yogayus indicates, say 75 years, and according to Dasas also the same age is obtained, then one can boldly declare the length of life.
·         Death can happen in the Dasa or Antardasa of the weakest — that which occupies the 6th, 8th, 12th or that which is associated with or aspected by malefics of the following: Lords of 8th from Lagna and the Moon; planets occupying or aspecting the 8th from Lagna and the Moon; Saturn; lords of the 22nd Drekkana from Lagna and the Moon; lord of the house occupied by Gulika; lords of the houses and Navamsas occupied by these factors; and Rahu.
Special
An exhaustive list of marakas is furnished in this stanza. Wherever Lagna is mentioned, Chandra Lagna is automatically meant. A discriminating astrologer should very carefully pick out the appropriate maraka. Of all these lords, the weakest — by occupying 6th or 8th house or subject to affliction — should be selected. The marakas can be listed thus:
1. The lord of the 8th house from Lagna.
2. The lord of the 8th house from Chandra.
3. The planets that occupy the 8th house from Lagna.
4. The planets that occupy the 8th house from Chandra.
5. The planets that aspect the 8th house from Lagna.
6. The planets that aspect the 8th house from Chandra.
7. Saturn.
8. The lord of 22nd Drekkana from Lagna.
9. The lord of 22nd Drekkana from Chandra.
10. The lord of the house occupied by Gulika.
11. The lords of the houses occupied by the ten lords noted above.
12. Navamsa lords of the above-mentioned planets.
13. Rahu.
With due deference to the great author's accomplishments, it seems to us that to select a maraka out of this formidable number — almost all planets seem to get involved somehow — is a herculean task. A much simpler method would be to consider all the lords except those mentioned in 11 and 12 and then decide the weakest. Generally the 7th and 2nd are considered houses of death.
·         Death can take place in the sub-periods of malefics and the major periods of malefics. The Dasas and Bhuktis of the 3rd, 5th and 7th Nakshatras from Janma Nakshatra can also cause death. If 2 or more Dasas terminate at the same time, then that period also may be taken as time of death. Again, the end of all Dasas is not good. Especially the last period of all Dashas indicating evil has to be considered as bad.
·         The lordship of the 8th house, etc., is bad for all Dasas. The Dasas of lords of the 3rd, 5th and 7th Naksbatras from Janma Nakshatra are bad in Vimshottari Dasa.
Special
The lord of a Dasa owning the 8th is bad whatever be the type of Dasa applied — Vimshottari, Ashtottari, Kalachakra, etc. But the Dasas of the lords of the 3rd, 5th and 7th Nakshatras are bad only with reference to Vimshottari.



Monday 28 April 2014

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Monday 7 April 2014

Remedies Through Aroma's


Aromatic  Compounds

5.1.1 Concept

When food is consumed, the interaction of taste, odor and textural feeling provides an overall sensation which is best defined by the English word “flavor”. German and some other languages do not have an adequate expression for such a broad and comprehensive term. Flavor results from compounds that are divided into two broad classes: Those responsible for taste and those responsible for odors, the latter often designated as aroma substances. However, there are compounds which provide both sensations.

Compounds responsible for taste are generally nonvolatile at room temperature. Therefore, they interact only with taste receptors located in the taste buds of the tongue. The four important basic taste perceptions are provided by: sour, sweet, bitter and salty compounds. They are covered in separate sections (cf., for example, 8.10, 22.3, 1.2.6, 1.3.3, 4.2.3 and 8.8). Glutamate stimulates the fifth basic taste (cf. 8.6.1).

Aroma substances are volatile compounds which are perceived by the odor receptor sites of the smell organ, i. e. the olfactory tissue of the nasal cavity. They reach the receptors when drawn in through the nose (orthonasal detection) and via the throat after being released by chewing (retronasal detection). The concept of aroma substances, like the concept of taste substances, should be used loosely, since a compound might contribute to the typical odor or taste of one food, while in another food it might cause a faulty odor or taste, or both, resulting in an off-flavor.


5.1.2 Impact Compounds of Natural Aromas

The amount of volatile substances present in food is extremely low (ca. 10–15 mg/kg). In general, however, they comprise a large number of components. Especially foods made by thermal processes, alone (e. g., coffee) or in combination with a fermentation process (e. g., bread, beer, cocoa, or tea), contain more than 800 volatile compounds. A great variety of compounds is often present in fruits and vegetables as well.

All the known volatile compounds are classified according to the food and the class of compounds and published in a tabular compilation (Nijssen, L. M. et al., 1999). A total of 7100 compounds in more than 450 foods are listed in the 1999 edi-tion, which is also available as a database on the internet.

Of all the volatile compounds, only a limited number are important for aroma. Compounds that are considered as aroma substances are primarily those which are present in food in concen-trations higher than the odor and/or taste thresh-olds (cf. “Aroma Value”, 5.1.4). Compounds with concentrations lower than the odor and/or taste thresholds also contribute to aroma when mix-tures of them exceed these thresholds (for ex-amples of additive effects, see 3.2.1.1, 20.1.7.8, 21.1.3.4).

Among the aroma substances, special attention is paid to those compounds that provide the charac-teristic aroma of the food and are, consequently, called key odorants (character impact aroma com-pounds). Examples are given in Table 5.1.

In the case of important foods, the differentiation between odorants and the remaining volatile com-pounds has greatly progressed. Important find-ings are presented in the section on “Aroma” in the corresponding chapters.


Table 5.1. Examples of key odorants
Compound
Aroma

Occurrence



(R)-Limonene
Citrus-like
Orange juice
(R)-1-p-Menthene-
Grapefruit-
Grapefruit juice
8-thiol
like

Benzaldehyde
Bitter
Almonds,

almond-like
cherries, plums
Neral/geranial
Lemon-like
Lemons
1-(p-Hydroxy-
Raspberry-
Raspberries
phenyl)-3-butanone
like

(raspberry ketone)


(R)-()-1-Octen-3-ol
Mushroom-
Champignons,

like
Camembert


cheese
(E,Z)-2,6-
Cucumber-
Cucumbers
Nonadienal
like

Geosmin
Earthy
Beetroot
trans-5-Methyl-2-
Nut-like
Hazelnuts
hepten-4-one


(filbertone)


2-Furfurylthiol
Roasted
Coffee
4-Hydroxy-2,5-
Caramel-
Biscuits,
dimethyl-3(2H)-
like
dark beer,
furanone

coffee
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline
Roasted
White-bread


crust




Threshold Value

The lowest concentration of a compound that is just enough for the recognition of its odor is called the odor threshold (recognition threshold). The detection threshold is lower, i. e., the concen-tration at which the compound is detectable but the aroma quality still cannot be unambiguously established. The threshold values are frequently determined by smelling (orthonasal value) and by tasting the sample (retronasal value). With a few exceptions, only the orthonasal values are given in this chapter. Indeed, the example of the carbonyl compounds shows how large the difference between the ortho- and retronasal thresholds can be (cf. 3.7.2.1.9).

Threshold concentration data allow comparison of the intensity or potency of odorous substances. The examples in Table 5.2 illustrate that great differences exist between individual aroma com-pounds, with an odor potency range of several or-ders of magnitude.

In an example provided by nootkatone, an es-sential aroma compound of grapefruit peel oil (cf. 18.1.2.6.3), it is obvious that the two enan-tiomers (optical isomers) differ significantly in their aroma intensity (cf. 5.2.5 and 5.3.2.4) and, occasionally, in aroma quality or character.
The threshold concentrations (values) for aroma compounds are dependent on their vapor pres-sure, which is affected by both temperature and medium. Interactions with other odor-producing substances can result in a strong increase in the odor thresholds. The magnitude of this effect is demonstrated in a model experiment in which the odor thresholds of compounds in water were determined in the presence and absence of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HD3F). The results in Table 5.3 show that HD3F does not influence the threshold value of 4-vinylguaiacol. However, the threshold values of the other odorants increase in the presence of HD3F. This effect is the greatest in the case of β-damascenone, the threshold value being increased by a factor of 90. Other examples in this book which show that the odor threshold of a compound increases when it is influenced by other odor-producing substances are a comparison of the threshold values in water and beer (cf. Table 5.4) as well as in water and in aqueous ethanol.


Table 5.2. Odor threshold values in water of some aroma compounds (20 C)
 
Compound
Threshold value

(mg/l)


Ethanol
100
Maltol
9
Furfural
3.0
Hexanol
2.5
Benzaldehyde
0.35
Vanillin
0.02
Raspberry ketone
0.01
Limonene
0.01
Linalool
0.006
Hexanal
0.0045
2-Phenylethanal
0.004
Methylpropanal
0.001
Ethylbutyrate
0.001
(+)-Nootkatone
0.001
(-)-Nootkatone
1.0
Filbertone
0.00005
Methylthiol
0.00002
2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine
0.000002
1-p-Menthene-8-thiol
0.00000002



Table 5.3. Influence of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HD3F) on the odor threshold of aroma sub-stances in water

Compound
Threshold
value (µg/1)
Ratio

Ia

IIb
II to I
4-Vinylguaiacol
100

90
1
2,3-Butanedione
15

105
7
2,3-Pentanedione
30

150
5
2-Furfurylthiol
0.012
0.25
20
β-Damascenone
2
×103
0.18
90
a I, odor threshold of the compound in water. 

bII, odor threshold of the compound in an aqueous HD3F solution having a concentration (6.75 mg/1, aroma value A = 115) as high as in a coffee drink.


Table 5.4. Comparison of threshold values a in water and beer

Compound
Threshold (mg/kg) in


Water
Beer





n-Butanol
0.5
200

3-Methylbutanol
0.25
70

Dimethylsulfide
0.00033
0.05

(E)-2-Nonenal
0.00008
0.00011









 



5.1.4 Aroma Value

As already indicated, compounds with high “aroma values” may contribute to the aroma of foods. The “aroma value” Ax of a compound is calculated according to the definition:
 
The examples presented in Fig. 5.1 show that the exponent n and, therefore, the dependency of the odor intensity on the concentration can vary substantially. Within a class of compounds, the range of variations is not very large, e. g., n = 0.500.63 for the alkanals C4–C9.

In addition, additive effects that are difficult to assess must also be considered. Examinations of mixtures have provided preliminary information. They show that although the intensities of com-pounds with a similar aroma note add up, the in-tensity of the mixture is usually lower than the sum of the individual intensities (cf. 3.2.1.1). For substances which clearly differ in their aroma note, however, the odor profile of a mixture is composed of the odor profiles of the components added together, only when the odor intensities are approximately equal. If the concentration ratio is such that the odor intensity of one component pre-dominates, this component then largely or com-pletely determines the odor profile.

Examples are (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-decenal which have clearly different odor profiles (cf. Fig. 5.2 a and 5.2 f). If the ratio of the odor intensities is approximately one, the odor notes of both aldehydes can be recognized in the odor profile of the mixture (Fig. 5.2 d). But if the dominating odor intensity is that of the decenal (Fig. 5.2 b), or of the hexenal (Fig. 5.2 e), that particular note determines the odor profile of the mixture.



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